Cache on Already Mounted Filesystem¶
Overview¶
CacheFiles is a caching backend that’s meant to use as a cache a directory on an already mounted filesystem of a local type (such as Ext3).
CacheFiles uses a userspace daemon to do some of the cache management - such as reaping stale nodes and culling. This is called cachefilesd and lives in /sbin.
The filesystem and data integrity of the cache are only as good as those of the filesystem providing the backing services. Note that CacheFiles does not attempt to journal anything since the journalling interfaces of the various filesystems are very specific in nature.
CacheFiles creates a misc character device - “/dev/cachefiles” - that is used to communication with the daemon. Only one thing may have this open at once, and while it is open, a cache is at least partially in existence. The daemon opens this and sends commands down it to control the cache.
CacheFiles is currently limited to a single cache.
CacheFiles attempts to maintain at least a certain percentage of free space on the filesystem, shrinking the cache by culling the objects it contains to make space if necessary - see the “Cache Culling” section. This means it can be placed on the same medium as a live set of data, and will expand to make use of spare space and automatically contract when the set of data requires more space.
Requirements¶
The use of CacheFiles and its daemon requires the following features to be available in the system and in the cache filesystem:
It is strongly recommended that the “dir_index” option is enabled on Ext3 filesystems being used as a cache.
Configuration¶
The cache is configured by a script in /etc/cachefilesd.conf. These commands set up cache ready for use. The following script commands are available:
- brun <N>%, bcull <N>%, bstop <N>%, frun <N>%, fcull <N>%, fstop <N>%
Configure the culling limits. Optional. See the section on culling The defaults are 7% (run), 5% (cull) and 1% (stop) respectively.
The commands beginning with a ‘b’ are file space (block) limits, those beginning with an ‘f’ are file count limits.
- dir <path>
Specify the directory containing the root of the cache. Mandatory.
- tag <name>
Specify a tag to FS-Cache to use in distinguishing multiple caches. Optional. The default is “CacheFiles”.
- debug <mask>
Specify a numeric bitmask to control debugging in the kernel module. Optional. The default is zero (all off). The following values can be OR’d into the mask to collect various information:
1
Turn on trace of function entry (_enter() macros)
2
Turn on trace of function exit (_leave() macros)
4
Turn on trace of internal debug points (_debug())
This mask can also be set through sysfs, eg:
echo 5 >/sys/modules/cachefiles/parameters/debug
Starting the Cache¶
The cache is started by running the daemon. The daemon opens the cache device, configures the cache and tells it to begin caching. At that point the cache binds to fscache and the cache becomes live.
The daemon is run as follows:
/sbin/cachefilesd [-d]* [-s] [-n] [-f <configfile>]
The flags are:
-dIncrease the debugging level. This can be specified multiple times and is cumulative with itself.
-sSend messages to stderr instead of syslog.
-nDon’t daemonise and go into background.
-f <configfile>Use an alternative configuration file rather than the default one.
Things to Avoid¶
Do not mount other things within the cache as this will cause problems. The kernel module contains its own very cut-down path walking facility that ignores mountpoints, but the daemon can’t avoid them.
Do not create, rename or unlink files and directories in the cache while the cache is active, as this may cause the state to become uncertain.
Renaming files in the cache might make objects appear to be other objects (the filename is part of the lookup key).
Do not change or remove the extended attributes attached to cache files by the cache as this will cause the cache state management to get confused.
Do not create files or directories in the cache, lest the cache get confused or serve incorrect data.
Do not chmod files in the cache. The module creates things with minimal permissions to prevent random users being able to access them directly.
Cache Culling¶
The cache may need culling occasionally to make space. This involves discarding objects from the cache that have been used less recently than anything else. Culling is based on the access time of data objects. Empty directories are culled if not in use.
Cache culling is done on the basis of the percentage of blocks and the percentage of files available in the underlying filesystem. There are six “limits”:
- brun, frun
If the amount of free space and the number of available files in the cache rises above both these limits, then culling is turned off.
- bcull, fcull
If the amount of available space or the number of available files in the cache falls below either of these limits, then culling is started.
- bstop, fstop
If the amount of available space or the number of available files in the cache falls below either of these limits, then no further allocation of disk space or files is permitted until culling has raised things above these limits again.
These must be configured thusly:
0 <= bstop < bcull < brun < 100
0 <= fstop < fcull < frun < 100
Note that these are percentages of available space and available files, and do _not_ appear as 100 minus the percentage displayed by the “df” program.
The userspace daemon scans the cache to build up a table of cullable objects. These are then culled in least recently used order. A new scan of the cache is started as soon as space is made in the table. Objects will be skipped if their atimes have changed or if the kernel module says it is still using them.
Cache Structure¶
The CacheFiles module will create two directories in the directory it was given:
cache/
graveyard/
The active cache objects all reside in the first directory. The CacheFiles kernel module moves any retired or culled objects that it can’t simply unlink to the graveyard from which the daemon will actually delete them.
The daemon uses dnotify to monitor the graveyard directory, and will delete anything that appears therein.
The module represents index objects as directories with the filename “I...” or “J...”. Note that the “cache/” directory is itself a special index.
Data objects are represented as files if they have no children, or directories if they do. Their filenames all begin “D...” or “E...”. If represented as a directory, data objects will have a file in the directory called “data” that actually holds the data.
Special objects are similar to data objects, except their filenames begin “S...” or “T...”.
If an object has children, then it will be represented as a directory. Immediately in the representative directory are a collection of directories named for hash values of the child object keys with an ‘@’ prepended. Into this directory, if possible, will be placed the representations of the child objects:
/INDEX /INDEX /INDEX /DATA FILES
/=========/==========/=================================/================
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...DB1ry
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...N22ry
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...FP1ry
If the key is so long that it exceeds NAME_MAX with the decorations added on to it, then it will be cut into pieces, the first few of which will be used to make a nest of directories, and the last one of which will be the objects inside the last directory. The names of the intermediate directories will have ‘+’ prepended:
J1223/@23/+xy...z/+kl...m/Epqr
Note that keys are raw data, and not only may they exceed NAME_MAX in size, they may also contain things like ‘/’ and NUL characters, and so they may not be suitable for turning directly into a filename.
To handle this, CacheFiles will use a suitably printable filename directly and “base-64” encode ones that aren’t directly suitable. The two versions of object filenames indicate the encoding:
OBJECT TYPE
PRINTABLE
ENCODED
Index
“I...”
“J...”
Data
“D...”
“E...”
Special
“S...”
“T...”
Intermediate directories are always “@” or “+” as appropriate.
Each object in the cache has an extended attribute label that holds the object type ID (required to distinguish special objects) and the auxiliary data from the netfs. The latter is used to detect stale objects in the cache and update or retire them.
Note that CacheFiles will erase from the cache any file it doesn’t recognise or any file of an incorrect type (such as a FIFO file or a device file).
Security Model and SELinux¶
CacheFiles is implemented to deal properly with the LSM security features of the Linux kernel and the SELinux facility.
One of the problems that CacheFiles faces is that it is generally acting on behalf of a process, and running in that process’s context, and that includes a security context that is not appropriate for accessing the cache - either because the files in the cache are inaccessible to that process, or because if the process creates a file in the cache, that file may be inaccessible to other processes.
The way CacheFiles works is to temporarily change the security context (fsuid, fsgid and actor security label) that the process acts as - without changing the security context of the process when it the target of an operation performed by some other process (so signalling and suchlike still work correctly).
When the CacheFiles module is asked to bind to its cache, it:
Finds the security label attached to the root cache directory and uses that as the security label with which it will create files. By default, this is:
cachefiles_var_tFinds the security label of the process which issued the bind request (presumed to be the cachefilesd daemon), which by default will be:
cachefilesd_tand asks LSM to supply a security ID as which it should act given the daemon’s label. By default, this will be:
cachefiles_kernel_tSELinux transitions the daemon’s security ID to the module’s security ID based on a rule of this form in the policy:
type_transition <daemon's-ID> kernel_t : process <module's-ID>;For instance:
type_transition cachefilesd_t kernel_t : process cachefiles_kernel_t;
The module’s security ID gives it permission to create, move and remove files and directories in the cache, to find and access directories and files in the cache, to set and access extended attributes on cache objects, and to read and write files in the cache.
The daemon’s security ID gives it only a very restricted set of permissions: it may scan directories, stat files and erase files and directories. It may not read or write files in the cache, and so it is precluded from accessing the data cached therein; nor is it permitted to create new files in the cache.
There are policy source files available in:
and later versions. In that tarball, see the files:
cachefilesd.te
cachefilesd.fc
cachefilesd.if
They are built and installed directly by the RPM.
If a non-RPM based system is being used, then copy the above files to their own directory and run:
make -f /usr/share/selinux/devel/Makefile
semodule -i cachefilesd.pp
You will need checkpolicy and selinux-policy-devel installed prior to the build.
By default, the cache is located in /var/fscache, but if it is desirable that it should be elsewhere, than either the above policy files must be altered, or an auxiliary policy must be installed to label the alternate location of the cache.
For instructions on how to add an auxiliary policy to enable the cache to be located elsewhere when SELinux is in enforcing mode, please see:
/usr/share/doc/cachefilesd-*/move-cache.txt
When the cachefilesd rpm is installed; alternatively, the document can be found in the sources.
A Note on Security¶
CacheFiles makes use of the split security in the task_struct. It allocates its own task_security structure, and redirects current->cred to point to it when it acts on behalf of another process, in that process’s context.
The reason it does this is that it calls vfs_mkdir() and suchlike rather than
bypassing security and calling inode ops directly. Therefore the VFS and LSM
may deny the CacheFiles access to the cache data because under some
circumstances the caching code is running in the security context of whatever
process issued the original syscall on the netfs.
Furthermore, should CacheFiles create a file or directory, the security parameters with that object is created (UID, GID, security label) would be derived from that process that issued the system call, thus potentially preventing other processes from accessing the cache - including CacheFiles’s cache management daemon (cachefilesd).
What is required is to temporarily override the security of the process that issued the system call. We can’t, however, just do an in-place change of the security data as that affects the process as an object, not just as a subject. This means it may lose signals or ptrace events for example, and affects what the process looks like in /proc.
So CacheFiles makes use of a logical split in the security between the objective security (task->real_cred) and the subjective security (task->cred). The objective security holds the intrinsic security properties of a process and is never overridden. This is what appears in /proc, and is what is used when a process is the target of an operation by some other process (SIGKILL for example).
The subjective security holds the active security properties of a process, and may be overridden. This is not seen externally, and is used when a process acts upon another object, for example SIGKILLing another process or opening a file.
LSM hooks exist that allow SELinux (or Smack or whatever) to reject a request for CacheFiles to run in a context of a specific security label, or to create files and directories with another security label.
Statistical Information¶
If FS-Cache is compiled with the following option enabled:
CONFIG_CACHEFILES_HISTOGRAM=y
then it will gather certain statistics and display them through a proc file.
/proc/fs/cachefiles/histogram
cat /proc/fs/cachefiles/histogram JIFS SECS LOOKUPS MKDIRS CREATES ===== ===== ========= ========= =========This shows the breakdown of the number of times each amount of time between 0 jiffies and HZ-1 jiffies a variety of tasks took to run. The columns are as follows:
COLUMN
TIME MEASUREMENT
LOOKUPS
Length of time to perform a lookup on the backing fs
MKDIRS
Length of time to perform a mkdir on the backing fs
CREATES
Length of time to perform a create on the backing fs
Each row shows the number of events that took a particular range of times. Each step is 1 jiffy in size. The JIFS column indicates the particular jiffy range covered, and the SECS field the equivalent number of seconds.
Debugging¶
If CONFIG_CACHEFILES_DEBUG is enabled, the CacheFiles facility can have runtime debugging enabled by adjusting the value in:
/sys/module/cachefiles/parameters/debug
This is a bitmask of debugging streams to enable:
BIT
VALUE
STREAM
POINT
0
1
General
Function entry trace
1
2
Function exit trace
2
4
General
The appropriate set of values should be OR’d together and the result written to the control file. For example:
echo $((1|4|8)) >/sys/module/cachefiles/parameters/debug
will turn on all function entry debugging.
On-demand Read¶
When working in its original mode, CacheFiles serves as a local cache for a remote networking fs - while in on-demand read mode, CacheFiles can boost the scenario where on-demand read semantics are needed, e.g. container image distribution.
The essential difference between these two modes is seen when a cache miss occurs: In the original mode, the netfs will fetch the data from the remote server and then write it to the cache file; in on-demand read mode, fetching the data and writing it into the cache is delegated to a user daemon.
CONFIG_CACHEFILES_ONDEMAND should be enabled to support on-demand read mode.
Protocol Communication¶
The on-demand read mode uses a simple protocol for communication between kernel and user daemon. The protocol can be modeled as:
kernel --[request]--> user daemon --[reply]--> kernel
CacheFiles will send requests to the user daemon when needed. The user daemon should poll the devnode (‘/dev/cachefiles’) to check if there’s a pending request to be processed. A POLLIN event will be returned when there’s a pending request.
The user daemon then reads the devnode to fetch a request to process. It should be noted that each read only gets one request. When it has finished processing the request, the user daemon should write the reply to the devnode.
Each request starts with a message header of the form:
struct cachefiles_msg {
__u32 msg_id;
__u32 opcode;
__u32 len;
__u32 object_id;
__u8 data[];
};
where:
msg_idis a unique ID identifying this request among all pending requests.
opcodeindicates the type of this request.
object_idis a unique ID identifying the cache file operated on.
dataindicates the payload of this request.
lenindicates the whole length of this request, including the header and following type-specific payload.
Turning on On-demand Mode¶
An optional parameter becomes available to the “bind” command:
bind [ondemand]
When the “bind” command is given no argument, it defaults to the original mode. When it is given the “ondemand” argument, i.e. “bind ondemand”, on-demand read mode will be enabled.
The OPEN Request¶
When the netfs opens a cache file for the first time, a request with the CACHEFILES_OP_OPEN opcode, a.k.a an OPEN request will be sent to the user daemon. The payload format is of the form:
struct cachefiles_open {
__u32 volume_key_size;
__u32 cookie_key_size;
__u32 fd;
__u32 flags;
__u8 data[];
};
where:
datacontains the volume_key followed directly by the cookie_key. The volume key is a NUL-terminated string; the cookie key is binary data.
volume_key_sizeindicates the size of the volume key in bytes.
cookie_key_sizeindicates the size of the cookie key in bytes.
fdindicates an anonymous fd referring to the cache file, through which the user daemon can perform write/llseek file operations on the cache file.
The user daemon can use the given (volume_key, cookie_key) pair to distinguish the requested cache file. With the given anonymous fd, the user daemon can fetch the data and write it to the cache file in the background, even when kernel has not triggered a cache miss yet.
Be noted that each cache file has a unique object_id, while it may have multiple anonymous fds. The user daemon may duplicate anonymous fds from the initial anonymous fd indicated by the @fd field through dup(). Thus each object_id can be mapped to multiple anonymous fds, while the usr daemon itself needs to maintain the mapping.
When implementing a user daemon, please be careful of RLIMIT_NOFILE,
/proc/sys/fs/nr_open and /proc/sys/fs/file-max. Typically these needn’t
be huge since they’re related to the number of open device blobs rather than
open files of each individual filesystem.
The user daemon should reply the OPEN request by issuing a “copen” (complete open) command on the devnode:
copen <msg_id>,<cache_size>
where:
msg_idmust match the msg_id field of the OPEN request.When >= 0,
cache_sizeindicates the size of the cache file; when < 0,cache_sizeindicates any error code encountered by the user daemon.
The CLOSE Request¶
When a cookie withdrawn, a CLOSE request (opcode CACHEFILES_OP_CLOSE) will be sent to the user daemon. This tells the user daemon to close all anonymous fds associated with the given object_id. The CLOSE request has no extra payload, and shouldn’t be replied.
The READ Request¶
When a cache miss is encountered in on-demand read mode, CacheFiles will send a READ request (opcode CACHEFILES_OP_READ) to the user daemon. This tells the user daemon to fetch the contents of the requested file range. The payload is of the form:
struct cachefiles_read {
__u64 off;
__u64 len;
};
where:
offindicates the starting offset of the requested file range.
lenindicates the length of the requested file range.
When it receives a READ request, the user daemon should fetch the requested data and write it to the cache file identified by object_id.
When it has finished processing the READ request, the user daemon should reply by using the CACHEFILES_IOC_READ_COMPLETE ioctl on one of the anonymous fds associated with the object_id given in the READ request. The ioctl is of the form:
ioctl(fd, CACHEFILES_IOC_READ_COMPLETE, msg_id);
where:
fdis one of the anonymous fds associated with the object_id given.
msg_idmust match the msg_id field of the READ request.