Network Filesystem Caching API¶
Fscache provides an API by which a network filesystem can make use of local caching facilities. The API is arranged around a number of principles:
A cache is logically organised into volumes and data storage objects within those volumes.
Volumes and data storage objects are represented by various types of cookie.
Cookies have keys that distinguish them from their peers.
Cookies have coherency data that allows a cache to determine if the cached data is still valid.
I/O is done asynchronously where possible.
This API is used by:
#include <linux/fscache.h>.
Overview¶
The fscache hierarchy is organised on two levels from a network filesystem’s point of view. The upper level represents “volumes” and the lower level represents “data storage objects”. These are represented by two types of cookie, hereafter referred to as “volume cookies” and “cookies”.
A network filesystem acquires a volume cookie for a volume using a volume key, which represents all the information that defines that volume (e.g. cell name or server address, volume ID or share name). This must be rendered as a printable string that can be used as a directory name (ie. no ‘/’ characters and shouldn’t begin with a ‘.’). The maximum name length is one less than the maximum size of a filename component (allowing the cache backend one char for its own purposes).
A filesystem would typically have a volume cookie for each superblock.
The filesystem then acquires a cookie for each file within that volume using an object key. Object keys are binary blobs and only need to be unique within their parent volume. The cache backend is responsible for rendering the binary blob into something it can use and may employ hash tables, trees or whatever to improve its ability to find an object. This is transparent to the network filesystem.
A filesystem would typically have a cookie for each inode, and would acquire it in iget and relinquish it when evicting the cookie.
Once it has a cookie, the filesystem needs to mark the cookie as being in use. This causes fscache to send the cache backend off to look up/create resources for the cookie in the background, to check its coherency and, if necessary, to mark the object as being under modification.
A filesystem would typically “use” the cookie in its file open routine and unuse it in file release and it needs to use the cookie around calls to truncate the cookie locally. It also needs to use the cookie when the pagecache becomes dirty and unuse it when writeback is complete. This is slightly tricky, and provision is made for it.
When performing a read, write or resize on a cookie, the filesystem must first begin an operation. This copies the resources into a holding struct and puts extra pins into the cache to stop cache withdrawal from tearing down the structures being used. The actual operation can then be issued and conflicting invalidations can be detected upon completion.
The filesystem is expected to use netfslib to access the cache, but that’s not actually required and it can use the fscache I/O API directly.
Volume Registration¶
The first step for a network filesystem is to acquire a volume cookie for the volume it wants to access:
struct fscache_volume *
fscache_acquire_volume(const char *volume_key,
const char *cache_name,
const void *coherency_data,
size_t coherency_len);
This function creates a volume cookie with the specified volume key as its name and notes the coherency data.
The volume key must be a printable string with no ‘/’ characters in it. It should begin with the name of the filesystem and should be no longer than 254 characters. It should uniquely represent the volume and will be matched with what’s stored in the cache.
The caller may also specify the name of the cache to use. If specified, fscache will look up or create a cache cookie of that name and will use a cache of that name if it is online or comes online. If no cache name is specified, it will use the first cache that comes to hand and set the name to that.
The specified coherency data is stored in the cookie and will be matched against coherency data stored on disk. The data pointer may be NULL if no data is provided. If the coherency data doesn’t match, the entire cache volume will be invalidated.
This function can return errors such as EBUSY if the volume key is already in use by an acquired volume or ENOMEM if an allocation failure occurred. It may also return a NULL volume cookie if fscache is not enabled. It is safe to pass a NULL cookie to any function that takes a volume cookie. This will cause that function to do nothing.
When the network filesystem has finished with a volume, it should relinquish it by calling:
void fscache_relinquish_volume(struct fscache_volume *volume,
const void *coherency_data,
bool invalidate);
This will cause the volume to be committed or removed, and if sealed the coherency data will be set to the value supplied. The amount of coherency data must match the length specified when the volume was acquired. Note that all data cookies obtained in this volume must be relinquished before the volume is relinquished.
Data File Registration¶
Once it has a volume cookie, a network filesystem can use it to acquire a cookie for data storage:
struct fscache_cookie *
fscache_acquire_cookie(struct fscache_volume *volume,
u8 advice,
const void *index_key,
size_t index_key_len,
const void *aux_data,
size_t aux_data_len,
loff_t object_size)
This creates the cookie in the volume using the specified index key. The index key is a binary blob of the given length and must be unique for the volume. This is saved into the cookie. There are no restrictions on the content, but its length shouldn’t exceed about three quarters of the maximum filename length to allow for encoding.
The caller should also pass in a piece of coherency data in aux_data. A buffer of size aux_data_len will be allocated and the coherency data copied in. It is assumed that the size is invariant over time. The coherency data is used to check the validity of data in the cache. Functions are provided by which the coherency data can be updated.
The file size of the object being cached should also be provided. This may be used to trim the data and will be stored with the coherency data.
This function never returns an error, though it may return a NULL cookie on allocation failure or if fscache is not enabled. It is safe to pass in a NULL volume cookie and pass the NULL cookie returned to any function that takes it. This will cause that function to do nothing.
When the network filesystem has finished with a cookie, it should relinquish it by calling:
void fscache_relinquish_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie,
bool retire);
This will cause fscache to either commit the storage backing the cookie or delete it.
Resizing A Data File (Truncation)¶
If a network filesystem file is resized locally by truncation, the following should be called to notify the cache:
void fscache_resize_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie,
loff_t new_size);
The caller must have first marked the cookie in-use. The cookie and the new
size are passed in and the cache is synchronously resized. This is expected to
be called from ->setattr()
inode operation under the inode lock.
Data I/O API¶
To do data I/O operations directly through a cookie, the following functions are available:
int fscache_begin_read_operation(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres,
struct fscache_cookie *cookie);
int fscache_read(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres,
loff_t start_pos,
struct iov_iter *iter,
enum netfs_read_from_hole read_hole,
netfs_io_terminated_t term_func,
void *term_func_priv);
int fscache_write(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres,
loff_t start_pos,
struct iov_iter *iter,
netfs_io_terminated_t term_func,
void *term_func_priv);
The begin function sets up an operation, attaching the resources required to the cache resources block from the cookie. Assuming it doesn’t return an error (for instance, it will return -ENOBUFS if given a NULL cookie, but otherwise do nothing), then one of the other two functions can be issued.
The read and write functions initiate a direct-IO operation. Both take the previously set up cache resources block, an indication of the start file position, and an I/O iterator that describes buffer and indicates the amount of data.
The read function also takes a parameter to indicate how it should handle a partially populated region (a hole) in the disk content. This may be to ignore it, skip over an initial hole and place zeros in the buffer or give an error.
The read and write functions can be given an optional termination function that will be run on completion:
typedef
void (*netfs_io_terminated_t)(void *priv, ssize_t transferred_or_error,
bool was_async);
If a termination function is given, the operation will be run asynchronously and the termination function will be called upon completion. If not given, the operation will be run synchronously. Note that in the asynchronous case, it is possible for the operation to complete before the function returns.
Both the read and write functions end the operation when they complete, detaching any pinned resources.
The read operation will fail with ESTALE if invalidation occurred whilst the operation was ongoing.
Data File Coherency¶
To request an update of the coherency data and file size on a cookie, the following should be called:
void fscache_update_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie,
const void *aux_data,
const loff_t *object_size);
This will update the cookie’s coherency data and/or file size.
Data File Invalidation¶
Sometimes it will be necessary to invalidate an object that contains data. Typically this will be necessary when the server informs the network filesystem of a remote third-party change - at which point the filesystem has to throw away the state and cached data that it had for an file and reload from the server.
To indicate that a cache object should be invalidated, the following should be called:
void fscache_invalidate(struct fscache_cookie *cookie,
const void *aux_data,
loff_t size,
unsigned int flags);
This increases the invalidation counter in the cookie to cause outstanding reads to fail with -ESTALE, sets the coherency data and file size from the information supplied, blocks new I/O on the cookie and dispatches the cache to go and get rid of the old data.
Invalidation runs asynchronously in a worker thread so that it doesn’t block too much.
Write-Back Resource Management¶
To write data to the cache from network filesystem writeback, the cache resources required need to be pinned at the point the modification is made (for instance when the page is marked dirty) as it’s not possible to open a file in a thread that’s exiting.
The following facilities are provided to manage this:
An inode flag,
I_PINNING_FSCACHE_WB
, is provided to indicate that an in-use is held on the cookie for this inode. It can only be changed if the the inode lock is held.A flag,
unpinned_fscache_wb
is placed in thewriteback_control
struct that gets set if__writeback_single_inode()
clearsI_PINNING_FSCACHE_WB
because all the dirty pages were cleared.
To support this, the following functions are provided:
bool fscache_dirty_folio(struct address_space *mapping,
struct folio *folio,
struct fscache_cookie *cookie);
void fscache_unpin_writeback(struct writeback_control *wbc,
struct fscache_cookie *cookie);
void fscache_clear_inode_writeback(struct fscache_cookie *cookie,
struct inode *inode,
const void *aux);
The set function is intended to be called from the filesystem’s
dirty_folio
address space operation. If I_PINNING_FSCACHE_WB
is not
set, it sets that flag and increments the use count on the cookie (the caller
must already have called fscache_use_cookie()
).
The unpin function is intended to be called from the filesystem’s
write_inode
superblock operation. It cleans up after writing by unusing
the cookie if unpinned_fscache_wb is set in the writeback_control struct.
The clear function is intended to be called from the netfs’s evict_inode
superblock operation. It must be called after
truncate_inode_pages_final()
, but before clear_inode()
. This cleans
up any hanging I_PINNING_FSCACHE_WB
. It also allows the coherency data to
be updated.
Caching of Local Modifications¶
If a network filesystem has locally modified data that it wants to write to the cache, it needs to mark the pages to indicate that a write is in progress, and if the mark is already present, it needs to wait for it to be removed first (presumably due to an already in-progress operation). This prevents multiple competing DIO writes to the same storage in the cache.
Firstly, the netfs should determine if caching is available by doing something like:
bool caching = fscache_cookie_enabled(cookie);
If caching is to be attempted, pages should be waited for and then marked using the following functions provided by the netfs helper library:
void set_page_fscache(struct page *page);
void wait_on_page_fscache(struct page *page);
int wait_on_page_fscache_killable(struct page *page);
Once all the pages in the span are marked, the netfs can ask fscache to schedule a write of that region:
void fscache_write_to_cache(struct fscache_cookie *cookie,
struct address_space *mapping,
loff_t start, size_t len, loff_t i_size,
netfs_io_terminated_t term_func,
void *term_func_priv,
bool caching)
And if an error occurs before that point is reached, the marks can be removed by calling:
void fscache_clear_page_bits(struct address_space *mapping,
loff_t start, size_t len,
bool caching)
In these functions, a pointer to the mapping to which the source pages are attached is passed in and start and len indicate the size of the region that’s going to be written (it doesn’t have to align to page boundaries necessarily, but it does have to align to DIO boundaries on the backing filesystem). The caching parameter indicates if caching should be skipped, and if false, the functions do nothing.
The write function takes some additional parameters: the cookie representing the cache object to be written to, i_size indicates the size of the netfs file and term_func indicates an optional completion function, to which term_func_priv will be passed, along with the error or amount written.
Note that the write function will always run asynchronously and will unmark all the pages upon completion before calling term_func.
Page Release and Invalidation¶
Fscache keeps track of whether we have any data in the cache yet for a cache object we’ve just created. It knows it doesn’t have to do any reading until it has done a write and then the page it wrote from has been released by the VM, after which it has to look in the cache.
To inform fscache that a page might now be in the cache, the following function
should be called from the release_folio
address space op:
void fscache_note_page_release(struct fscache_cookie *cookie);
if the page has been released (ie. release_folio returned true).
Page release and page invalidation should also wait for any mark left on the page to say that a DIO write is underway from that page:
void wait_on_page_fscache(struct page *page);
int wait_on_page_fscache_killable(struct page *page);
API Function Reference¶
-
struct fscache_volume *fscache_acquire_volume(const char *volume_key, const char *cache_name, const void *coherency_data, size_t coherency_len)¶
Register a volume as desiring caching services
Parameters
const char *volume_key
An identification string for the volume
const char *cache_name
The name of the cache to use (or NULL for the default)
const void *coherency_data
Piece of arbitrary coherency data to check (or NULL)
size_t coherency_len
The size of the coherency data
Description
Register a volume as desiring caching services if they’re available. The caller must provide an identifier for the volume and may also indicate which cache it should be in. If a preexisting volume entry is found in the cache, the coherency data must match otherwise the entry will be invalidated.
Returns a cookie pointer on success, -ENOMEM if out of memory or -EBUSY if a cache volume of that name is already acquired. Note that “NULL” is a valid cookie pointer and can be returned if caching is refused.
-
void fscache_relinquish_volume(struct fscache_volume *volume, const void *coherency_data, bool invalidate)¶
Cease caching a volume
Parameters
struct fscache_volume *volume
The volume cookie
const void *coherency_data
Piece of arbitrary coherency data to set (or NULL)
bool invalidate
True if the volume should be invalidated
Description
Indicate that a filesystem no longer desires caching services for a volume. The caller must have relinquished all file cookies prior to calling this. The stored coherency data is updated.
-
struct fscache_cookie *fscache_acquire_cookie(struct fscache_volume *volume, u8 advice, const void *index_key, size_t index_key_len, const void *aux_data, size_t aux_data_len, loff_t object_size)¶
Acquire a cookie to represent a cache object
Parameters
struct fscache_volume *volume
The volume in which to locate/create this cookie
u8 advice
Advice flags (FSCACHE_COOKIE_ADV_*)
const void *index_key
The index key for this cookie
size_t index_key_len
Size of the index key
const void *aux_data
The auxiliary data for the cookie (may be NULL)
size_t aux_data_len
Size of the auxiliary data buffer
loff_t object_size
The initial size of object
Description
Acquire a cookie to represent a data file within the given cache volume.
See Network Filesystem Caching API for a complete description.
-
void fscache_use_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, bool will_modify)¶
Request usage of cookie attached to an object
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
bool will_modify
If cache is expected to be modified locally
Description
Request usage of the cookie attached to an object. The caller should tell the cache if the object’s contents are about to be modified locally and then the cache can apply the policy that has been set to handle this case.
-
void fscache_unuse_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, const void *aux_data, const loff_t *object_size)¶
Cease usage of cookie attached to an object
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
const void *aux_data
Updated auxiliary data (or NULL)
const loff_t *object_size
Revised size of the object (or NULL)
Description
Cease usage of the cookie attached to an object. When the users count reaches zero then the cookie relinquishment will be permitted to proceed.
-
void fscache_relinquish_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, bool retire)¶
Return the cookie to the cache, maybe discarding it
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie being returned
bool retire
True if the cache object the cookie represents is to be discarded
Description
This function returns a cookie to the cache, forcibly discarding the associated cache object if retire is set to true.
See Network Filesystem Caching API for a complete description.
-
void fscache_update_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, const void *aux_data, const loff_t *object_size)¶
Request that a cache object be updated
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
const void *aux_data
The updated auxiliary data for the cookie (may be NULL)
const loff_t *object_size
The current size of the object (may be NULL)
Description
Request an update of the index data for the cache object associated with the cookie. The auxiliary data on the cookie will be updated first if aux_data is set and the object size will be updated and the object possibly trimmed if object_size is set.
See Network Filesystem Caching API for a complete description.
-
void fscache_resize_cookie(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, loff_t new_size)¶
Request that a cache object be resized
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
loff_t new_size
The new size of the object (may be NULL)
Description
Request that the size of an object be changed.
See Network Filesystem Caching API for a complete description.
-
void fscache_invalidate(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, const void *aux_data, loff_t size, unsigned int flags)¶
Notify cache that an object needs invalidation
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
const void *aux_data
The updated auxiliary data for the cookie (may be NULL)
loff_t size
The revised size of the object.
unsigned int flags
Invalidation flags (FSCACHE_INVAL_*)
Description
Notify the cache that an object is needs to be invalidated and that it should abort any retrievals or stores it is doing on the cache. This increments inval_counter on the cookie which can be used by the caller to reconsider I/O requests as they complete.
If flags has FSCACHE_INVAL_DIO_WRITE set, this indicates that this is due to a direct I/O write and will cause caching to be disabled on this cookie until it is completely unused.
See Network Filesystem Caching API for a complete description.
-
const struct netfs_cache_ops *fscache_operation_valid(const struct netfs_cache_resources *cres)¶
Return true if operations resources are usable
Parameters
const struct netfs_cache_resources *cres
The resources to check.
Description
Returns a pointer to the operations table if usable or NULL if not.
-
int fscache_begin_read_operation(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres, struct fscache_cookie *cookie)¶
Begin a read operation for the netfs lib
Parameters
struct netfs_cache_resources *cres
The cache resources for the read being performed
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
Description
Begin a read operation on behalf of the netfs helper library. cres indicates the cache resources to which the operation state should be attached; cookie indicates the cache object that will be accessed.
cres->inval_counter is set from cookie->inval_counter for comparison at the end of the operation. This allows invalidation during the operation to be detected by the caller.
Return
0 - Success
- -ENOBUFS
No caching available
Other error code from the cache, such as -ENOMEM.
-
void fscache_end_operation(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres)¶
End the read operation for the netfs lib
Parameters
struct netfs_cache_resources *cres
The cache resources for the read operation
Description
Clean up the resources at the end of the read request.
-
int fscache_read(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres, loff_t start_pos, struct iov_iter *iter, enum netfs_read_from_hole read_hole, netfs_io_terminated_t term_func, void *term_func_priv)¶
Start a read from the cache.
Parameters
struct netfs_cache_resources *cres
The cache resources to use
loff_t start_pos
The beginning file offset in the cache file
struct iov_iter *iter
The buffer to fill - and also the length
enum netfs_read_from_hole read_hole
How to handle a hole in the data.
netfs_io_terminated_t term_func
The function to call upon completion
void *term_func_priv
The private data for term_func
Description
Start a read from the cache. cres indicates the cache object to read from and must be obtained by a call to fscache_begin_operation() beforehand.
The data is read into the iterator, iter, and that also indicates the size of the operation. start_pos is the start position in the file, though if seek_data is set appropriately, the cache can use SEEK_DATA to find the next piece of data, writing zeros for the hole into the iterator.
Upon termination of the operation, term_func will be called and supplied with term_func_priv plus the amount of data written, if successful, or the error code otherwise.
read_hole indicates how a partially populated region in the cache should be handled. It can be one of a number of settings:
NETFS_READ_HOLE_IGNORE - Just try to read (may return a short read).
- NETFS_READ_HOLE_CLEAR - Seek for data, clearing the part of the buffer
skipped over, then do as for IGNORE.
NETFS_READ_HOLE_FAIL - Give ENODATA if we encounter a hole.
-
int fscache_begin_write_operation(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres, struct fscache_cookie *cookie)¶
Begin a write operation for the netfs lib
Parameters
struct netfs_cache_resources *cres
The cache resources for the write being performed
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
Description
Begin a write operation on behalf of the netfs helper library. cres indicates the cache resources to which the operation state should be attached; cookie indicates the cache object that will be accessed.
cres->inval_counter is set from cookie->inval_counter for comparison at the end of the operation. This allows invalidation during the operation to be detected by the caller.
Return
0 - Success
- -ENOBUFS
No caching available
Other error code from the cache, such as -ENOMEM.
-
int fscache_write(struct netfs_cache_resources *cres, loff_t start_pos, struct iov_iter *iter, netfs_io_terminated_t term_func, void *term_func_priv)¶
Start a write to the cache.
Parameters
struct netfs_cache_resources *cres
The cache resources to use
loff_t start_pos
The beginning file offset in the cache file
struct iov_iter *iter
The data to write - and also the length
netfs_io_terminated_t term_func
The function to call upon completion
void *term_func_priv
The private data for term_func
Description
Start a write to the cache. cres indicates the cache object to write to and must be obtained by a call to fscache_begin_operation() beforehand.
The data to be written is obtained from the iterator, iter, and that also indicates the size of the operation. start_pos is the start position in the file.
Upon termination of the operation, term_func will be called and supplied with term_func_priv plus the amount of data written, if successful, or the error code otherwise.
-
void fscache_clear_page_bits(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start, size_t len, bool caching)¶
Clear the PG_fscache bits from a set of pages
Parameters
struct address_space *mapping
The netfs inode to use as the source
loff_t start
The start position in mapping
size_t len
The amount of data to unlock
bool caching
If PG_fscache has been set
Description
Clear the PG_fscache flag from a sequence of pages and wake up anyone who’s waiting.
-
void fscache_write_to_cache(struct fscache_cookie *cookie, struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start, size_t len, loff_t i_size, netfs_io_terminated_t term_func, void *term_func_priv, bool using_pgpriv2, bool caching)¶
Save a write to the cache and clear PG_fscache
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie representing the cache object
struct address_space *mapping
The netfs inode to use as the source
loff_t start
The start position in mapping
size_t len
The amount of data to write back
loff_t i_size
The new size of the inode
netfs_io_terminated_t term_func
The function to call upon completion
void *term_func_priv
The private data for term_func
bool using_pgpriv2
If we’re using PG_private_2 to mark in-progress write
bool caching
If we actually want to do the caching
Description
Helper function for a netfs to write dirty data from an inode into the cache object that’s backing it.
start and len describe the range of the data. This does not need to be page-aligned, but to satisfy DIO requirements, the cache may expand it up to the page boundaries on either end. All the pages covering the range must be marked with PG_fscache.
If given, term_func will be called upon completion and supplied with term_func_priv. Note that if using_pgpriv2 is set, the PG_private_2 flags will have been cleared by this point, so the netfs must retain its own pin on the mapping.
-
void fscache_note_page_release(struct fscache_cookie *cookie)¶
Note that a netfs page got released
Parameters
struct fscache_cookie *cookie
The cookie corresponding to the file
Description
Note that a page that has been copied to the cache has been released. This means that future reads will need to look in the cache to see if it’s there.